Chapter 2
2.1. Introduction
and History of World Wide Web (WWW)
2.2. Benefits of
www
2.3. Internet
Service Providers
2.4. Web and
Electronic commerce
2.5. Web
architecture and its components
2.6. Interactive
web applications
2.7. Web and
database integration
2.8. Web
software development tools
2.9. Search
engines
2.1. Evolution of Internet
The history of
the Internet begins with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s.
Initial concepts of wide area networking originated in several computer science
laboratories in the United States, United Kingdom, and France. The US
Department of Defence awarded contracts as early as the 1960s, including for
the development of the ARPANET project. The first message was sent over the
ARPANET in 1969 from computer science Professor Leonard Kleinrock's laboratory
at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) to the second network node at
Stanford Research Institute (SRI).
Packet switching
networks such as the NPL network, ARPANET, Tymnet, Merit Network, CYCLADES and Telnet
were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety of communications
protocols.
Donald Davies first demonstrated packet
switching in 1967 at the National Physics Laboratory (NPL) in the UK, which
became a testbed for UK research for almost two decades. The ARPANET project
led to the development of protocols for internetworking, in which multiple
separate networks could be joined into a network of networks.
The Internet
protocol suite (TCP/IP) was developed by Robert E. Kahn and Vint Cerf in the
1970s and became the standard networking protocol on the ARPANET.
Commercial
Internet service providers (ISPs) began to emerge in the very late 1980s.
2.2. World Wide Web (WWW) and its benefits
The World Wide
Web (WWW) is a network of online content that is formatted in Hypertext Markup
Language (HTML) and accessed via Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP). The term
refers to all the interlinked HTML pages that can be accessed over the
Internet. The World Wide Web was originally designed in 1991 by Tim
Berners-Lee. The WWW consists of pages that can be accessed using a Web browser.
It is all the Web pages, pictures, videos and other online content that can be
accessed via a Web browser. The Internet, in contrast, is the network
connection that allows us to send email and access the World Wide Web. Things
like Telnet, FTP, Internet gaming, Internet Relay Chat (IRC), and e-mail are
all part of the Internet, but are not part of the World Wide Web. The
Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the method used to transfer Web pages to
your computer.
2.3.
Internet Service Provider (ISP)
An Internet
service provider (ISP) is an organization that provides services for accessing,
using, or participating in the Internet. Data may be transmitted using several
technologies, including dial-up, DSL, cable modem, wireless or dedicated
high-speed interconnects. Internet service providers may be organized in
various forms, such as commercial, community-owned, non-profit, or otherwise
privately owned. Internet services typically provided by ISPs include Internet
access, Internet transit, domain name registration and web hosting. An Internet
service provider is also known as an Internet access provider (IAP). ISP can be
classified into access provides ISP, Mailbox providers ISP and Hosting Provider
ISP etc.
Access providers
Access providers
ISPs provide Internet access, employing a range of technologies to connect
users to their network. Available technologies have ranged from computer modems
with telephone lines, to television cable (CATV), Wi-Fi, and fiber optics. For
users and small businesses, traditional options include copper wires to provide
dial-up, DSL, typically asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), cable modem
or Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) (typically basic rate interface).
Wireless access is another option, including cellular and satellite Internet
access.
Mailbox providers
A mailbox
provider is an organization that provides services for hosting electronic mail
domains with access to storage for mail boxes. It provides email servers to
send, receive, accept, and store email for end users or other organizations.
The task is typically accomplished by implementing Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol (SMTP) and possibly providing access to messages through Internet
Message Access Protocol (IMAP), the Post Office Protocol, Webmail, or a
proprietary protocol.
Hosting ISPs
Internet hosting
services provide web hosting or online storage services. It include virtual server, cloud services, or
physical server operation etc.
2.4. Web and
Electronic commerce
2.5. Web
architecture and its components
UI/UX Web
Application Components – This includes activity logs, dashboards,
notifications, settings, statistics, etc. These components have nothing to do
with the operation of a web application architecture. Instead, they are part of
the interface layout plan of a web app.
Structural
Components – The two major structural components of a web app are client and
server sides.
Client
Component - The client component is developed in CSS, HTML, and JS. As it
exists within the user’s web browser, there is no need for operating system or
device-related adjustments. The client component is a representation of a web application’s
functionality that the end-user interacts with.
Server
Component - The server component can be build using one or a combination of
several programming languages and frameworks, including Java, .Net, NodeJS,
PHP, Python, and Ruby on Rails. The server component has at least two parts;
app logic and database. The former is the main control center of the web
application while the latter is where all the persistent data is stored.
2.6.
Interactive web applications
Interactive web
applications require an interactive design that integrates software into your
web page to enhance customer engagement levels through an excellent and
relevant visitor experience. In this modern world submerged with global
competition, digital presence is not sufficient. Getting the attention of
genuine visitors is the mandatory goal. Interactive websites play a vital role
in attracting users.
To convert a
lead into a sale, the brand should deliver the users more engaging and
strategic features with the business or products.
Objectives of
Interactive Web Applications
Customers need
information nowadays before they make a buying decision. They search for full
transparency. An interactive website’s primary objective is to offer users an
enjoyable, exciting, and engaging experience. User experience is one of the
essential elements of any website for the following reasons
·
UX is one of the important ranking factors of
Google
·
UX engages users on your site
·
UX defines the target audience’s viewpoint of
your business
·
UX boosts business conversion
·
UX ensures customer satisfaction
Technology is
transforming the modern business space quickly, and every Small to large
organization requires an attractive and engaging website that can provide the
highest visibility.
Elements of
Interactive Website
An interactive
website is more interesting and more engaging for your audiences, which
encourages them to interact and return to your site.
It needs to
include interactive elements like:
·
Interactive infographics
·
Virtual reality overlays
·
Animations
·
Quizzes
·
Calculators
·
Maps
·
Surveys
·
Polls
·
Assessments
·
Interactive ebooks
·
Webinars and classes
·
Training courses
·
Games
·
Interactive timelines
·
360 videos
When you add
these types of interactive elements to your website, you offer more
opportunities for a customer to be able to enjoy their time on your site.
Business
Benefits of Interactive Web Application
An interactive
website can benefit your brand in many ways. These websites increase the user
experience, conversion rates and also drive traffic. They also help you build
the appropriate content for your site. With interactive designs, you can
achieve speed, reliability, and top-notch user engagement in the way you want.
It makes your website more appealing and exciting to your users, with advanced
features using modern software.
More business
benefits include:
·
Brand value
·
Improves google rankings
·
Application performance
·
Maximize user engagement
·
Code portability
·
Offline Operation
·
Data Security
·
Reduces bounce rates
·
Good SEO
·
Drives traffic
·
Increases sales
·
Customized personal experience to the customers
2.7. Web and
database integration
Database is
important component for dynamic website development.
Database
A database is a collection of
structured data. In a database, data is stored in a way that makes it easy to
retrieve. A database should make it easy for you to find the exact data that
you require. A database enables you to pick only the data that you require on
any given occasion.
Database Management System:
A database-management system (DBMS) is
a collection of interrelated data and a set of programs to access those data.
The collection of data, usually referred to as the database, contains information
relevant to an enterprise. The primary goal of a DBMS is to provide a way to
store and retrieve database information that is both convenient and efficient
There are several Database Management
Systems (DBMS), such as:
• Microsoft SQL Server
• Oracle
• MySQL from Sun Microsystems (Oracle)
• Microsoft Access
MongoDB
Need of Database Management System
Database systems are basically
developed for large amount of data. When dealing with huge amount of data,
there are two things that require optimization: Storage of data and retrieval
of data.
Storage: According to the principles of
database systems, the data is stored in such a way that it acquires lot less
space as the duplicate data has been removed before storage.
Fast retrieval of data: Along with storing the data in an
optimized and systematic manner, it is also important that we retrieve the data
quickly when needed. Database systems ensure that the data is retrieved as
quickly as possible
Characteristics of Database Approach
Manages Information: A database manages all the information in their required fields
Easy Operation Implementation: All the operations like insert, select,
delete, update, search etc. are carried out in a flexible and easy way.
Database makes it very simple to implement these operations.
Control of data redundancy: In the database approach, each data item is stored in only one
place in the database. So single data does not repeat more than one time. This
feature improves system performance.
Restriction of unauthorized
access: A database approach should
provide security to create and control different types of user accounts and
restrict unauthorized access.
Backup and recovery facilities: Backup and recovery are methods that are used to protect your data
from loss. Backup means storing database copy to another drive or place.
If a hard drive fails or is not accessible then it recovers the database from
backup places.
Logical Relationship Between Records
and Data: A database
gives a logical relationship between its records and data. So a user can access
various records depending upon the logical conditions by a single query from
the database.
Multiple Views of Database: A view is a subset of the
database or interface. It is defined according to user requirements. Different
users of the system may have different views of the same system.
The Selection of database for web
application depends on following reasons:
· Server Environment
· Website Application Development
Environment
· Size of application
· Your Budget
· Security Level
2.8. Web
software development tools
Web development refers
to all the code that makes a e-Commerce website. It can be split into two
categories front-end and back-end. The front-end or client-side of an
application is the code responsible for determining how the website will
actually display the designs mocked up by a designer. The back-end or
server-side of an application is responsible for managing data within the
database and serving that data to the front-end to be displayed.
Some of the programming
languages and e-commerce platforms which are listed below along with an
explanation.
I. Programming
Languages:
Professionals
use computer programming languages to give computers instructions that they can
understand. A programming language is a human-readable programming code. There
are many different types of programming languages, the most popular being HTML,
CSS, and JavaScript.
HTML
HTML is a markup
language that is the basis of website construction. It tells browsers how to render
web pages. Although it is not programming in the traditional sense, HTML often
requires extensive coding and may be challenging to learn.
JavaScript
JavaScript is a
common web development language for its simplicity, which develops use to
dynamically create web pages. It is also one of the world's oldest coding
languages.
In 1995, Brendan
Eichs, an employee of Netscape Communications, developed JavaScript.
Python
A versatile,
high-level programming language, Python is often seen as a more beginner-friendly
alternative to Java or C++. Developed by Guido van Rossum and released in 1991,
Python has quickly gained traction across industries due to its minimal syntax,
readability, focus on natural language processing, and ability to handle
object-oriented and functional programming.
C#
Created by
Microsoft in 2002, C# is a high-level programming language with roots in visual
basics. As of 2022, it is one of the most popular programming languages in the
world. C# also lends itself to rapid app development using frameworks like
Xamarin.
PHP
The first
release of PHP occurred in 1995, and the language has been growing in
popularity lately due to its simplicity and scalability. PHP is mostly used for
web development (both back-end and front-end) but also powers online
advertising, game development, database management systems, and hosting
services.
Swift
Created by
Apple, Swift is a high-level programming language that lets developers write
code efficiently and simply. Apple first released Swift in 2014, but the
company announced plans to make it open source in 2017.
Perl
Since its
release more than 30 years ago, thousands of developers have adopted the Perl
family of programming languages for its simplicity and flexibility. Since Perl
shares a common syntax with most other coding languages, it is easy to learn
and use.
II.
e-Commerce Platforms
Woocommerce
The website link
is – https://wordpress.org/plugins/woocommerce/. WooCommerce is a free
e-commerce plugin that allows you to sell anything very practically. Built to
integrate seamlessly with WordPress, WooCommerce is the world’s favorite
e-commerce solution. It gives you both store owners and developers complete
control that use WordPress templates.
With endless
flexibility and access to hundreds of free and premium WordPress extensions,
WooCommerce now powers 30% of all online stores, more than any other platform.
Bigcommerce
The website link
is - https://www.bigcommerce.com. It has over 115 e-commerce templates,
unlimited product uploads, mobile view, it is perfectly integrated with amazon
and eBay. It also can be integrated with most of the payment gateways. From
security perspective, it is PCI compliant.
Squarespace
Squarespace
delivers a stunning web design interface, with some of the more remarkable and
modern templates out there. It's important to remember that Squarespace is
primarily for building regular websites, but it does have a nice Commerce plan
starting at $26 per month. All you have to do is hook up your payment processor,
choose a theme and get selling.
Square Online
Square Online is
an interesting solution if you're looking for an ecommerce website builder.
Actually, the Square company began as a provider of storefront hardware for
businesses that wanted to start accepting credit cards. This wasn't such a
straightforward thing a mere couple of years ago.
Even to this
day, businesses can get Square's easy-to-use credit card readers, cash
registers, and other equipment that makes their day-to-day easier.
Shopify
The website link
is – https://www.shopify.com, so if you are trying to design the checkout page
to be exactly how you want, Shopify is probably not for you. In fact, none of
the hosted solutions will offer customizable checkout process, so you can jump
the Self-Hosted section right away. Shopify has many apps that you can download
and install on your store, which extend the default features or introduce new
functionalities.
Magento
The website link
is – https://magento.com. This platform is one of the best and is developed by
eBay. Magento can be easily integrated with the PayPal gateway. It has two
versions– Free Version and Pay Version. The vulnerabilities are patched too
fast .It has a vast variety of plugins and customization. It has SaaS
solutions, which means Elastic scalability, high resilience and availability,
PCI compliance, global availability and automated patching, while still
maintaining flexibility in software customization that our merchants require.
2.9. Search
engines
A search engine
is a software that is accessed on the internet to assist a user to search its
query on the world wide web. The search engine is helpful as it carries out a
systematic search on the web and displays the results that best match the
user’s query.
Examples of
search engines
Google:
Created by Larry Page and Sergei Brin in 1996, it is considered the largest
search engine in the world.
Bing:
owned by Microsoft, formerly known as Live Search, Windows Live Search, and MSN
Search.
Yahoo:
Currently uses the Bing engine in its searches.
Baidu: is
the main Chinese search engine, with more than 600 million users.
Yandex:
search engine for Russia and Russophone countries.
Working
Principals of Search Engine
The search
engine follows three steps to execute the query of the user-
·
Crawling
·
Indexing
·
Ranking
The search
engine follows these steps to provide relevant results to the user.
Crawling
Discovering new
web pages on the internet starts with crawling. All search engines use these
bots called web crawlers or spider bots that follow links to the new webpages
present in the known ones.
Indexing
Once the data is
crawled it is sent for indexing-saving data on the database of the search
engine called the index. It is the job of the index to find information related
to the query as soon as possible.
Ranking
The last step is
to rank the results on the SERP. The search engines have their criteria based
on which the search results are listed. These signals or criteria are hidden
from the public. It is the work of the ranking to determine the order of the
web links on the results page.
Types of
search engines
Search engines
can be classified according to the type of information they collect:
Web page
search engine: when performing a search they return as a result the most
relevant web page.
Image Finder:
Crawls images and displays a mosaic of relevant results.
Video Finder:
analyzes the videos and shows the ones that are interpreted to correspond to
the search.
File Finder:
Returns results based on the name or type of file.
Search engine
optimization (SEO)
Search engine
optimization (SEO) is the process of affecting the online visibility of a
website or a web page in a web search engine's unpaid results—often referred to
as "natural", "organic", or "earned" results. The
Search Engine Optimisation module examines the various tactics for enhancing
your website’s position and ranking with search engines. The module covers the
key concepts and terminology used within the field of SEO and equips marketing
professionals with the technical know-how, understanding and insight to build
and maintain an effective SEO strategy. You will learn about the range of
specialist tools that are available to help common search engines find, view
and rate websites. With this in mind, you will learn about on-page optimisation
techniques and understand the process of effective keyword research and
selection. You will understand the importance of content updates and will learn
about applying appropriate meta tags in order to drive site optimisation.
Students will understand the concept of ranking and be able to perform a range
of off-page optimisation activities to improve your site ranking and
positioning, such as link building. At the end of this module, you will be able
to monitor and manage your SEO activity by setting a baseline and regularly
measuring activity against expectation. You will also be aware of data
protection and privacy issues associated with SEO.
Type of SEO
SEO can be
divided into two main categories: on-page SEO and off-page SEO. Both on-page
and off-page SEO are important to the website that aims to get higher rankings
on search engines.
On-page SEO
On-page SEO
optimizes website in a way that it can rank better in search engines and
increase the number of visitors. On-page SEO depends on different factors. The
factors are keyword selection, keyword density, keyword in the title tag,
keyword in the alt tag, keyword in the URL, keyword in the anchor tag, outgoing
link, etc. Keyword selection is an important part of SEO because the user deals
with the keyword. A title tag is the most important factor to optimize a
website. A title tag defines the title of the web page. The most search engine
uses the website's title tag as the main factor. The keyword must present in
the title tag.
On Page SEO technical aspects
Title tags
Meta
descriptions
Headings
URL structure
Image
optimization (image size, proper image names, use of ALT tag)
Site speed
Internal links
Responsiveness /
AMP
Structure
Programming
Off- Page Optimization
Off-page SEO used for linking technique and
it is not related to modification content. It includes backlinks, link
exchange, inbound links, and social media marketing. More backlinks improve
link popularity. For which web page or website gets a higher rank. Inbound link
refers to the external links that pointing a website. Inbound links must have
higher quality. The maximum number of inbound links improve ranking in web
search engine. It is an important factor in off-page SEO. Backlinks must be
good quality and it also consists of the related keyword. Social networking is
the most important factor. In this way, put social networking websites on our
website.
·
Infographics
design
·
Writing
guest blogs
·
Website
Submission to Webmaster
·
Submitting
backlinks to various sharing sites
·
Video:
You Tube and Dailymotion
·
Audio:
Sound Cloud and Pod bean
·
Image:
Flickr, Instagram, and Pinterest
·
Social
Media: Facebook , Twitter and Research Gate
·
Profile
Page Listing Submission
·
PDF
or Document Submission
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